The V(V) electrolytes with the addition of organic amines CTS, SA and NPAM and inorganic ammonium ATC, FAS and AFS remained stable from − 5 °C to 45 °C.
The electrochemical activity for V(V) electrolytes with the addition of CTS, ATC, AFS and FAS was improved compared with the pristine one.
Overall, the effect of the organic amines on the V(V) solution was better than the inorganic ammoniums.
The VRB with CTS performed well with an energy efficiency of more than 80% and good cycling stability at a current density of 50 mAcm− 2.