The inhibition of NFAT-regulated cytokines is a promising biomarker of CNI response.

IMPDH activity is a potential variable for PD monitoring of mycophenolate.

Assessment of the p70S6K1 kinase may prove useful for individualization of mTORi.

A more widespread and routine use of the above assays will require standardization.

The suggested PD assays are currently limited by their lack of prospective trials.