文摘
Summary
Upon genotoxic stresses, cells activate IκB kinases (IKKs) and the transcription factor NF-κB to modulate apoptotic responses. The SUMO-1 ligase PIASy and the kinase ataxia talengiectasia mutated (ATM) have been implicated to SUMOylate and phosphorylate nuclear IKKγ (NEMO) in a consecutive mode of action, which in turn results in activation of cytoplasmic IKK holocomplexes. However, the nuclear signals and scaffold structures that initiate IKKγ recruitment and activation are unknown. Here, we show that poly(ADP-ribose)-polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is the DNA proximal regulator, which senses DNA strand breaks and, through poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) synthesis, assembles IKKγ, PIASy, and ATM in a dynamic manner. Signalosome formation involves direct protein-protein interactions and binding to ADP-ribose polymers through PAR binding motifs (PARBM). Activated PARP-1 and a PARBM in PIASy are required to trigger IKKγ SUMOylation, which in turn permits IKK and NF-κB activation, as well as NF-κB-regulated resistance to apoptosis.
