Epithermal mineralization developed in three stages: (i) early pyrite-arsenopyrite-pyrrhotite-quartz-kaolinite; (ii) main sphalerite-galena-tetrahedrite-chalcopyrite and (iii) late carbonate-pyrite-arsenopyrite assemblage. The onset of mineral deposition within epithermal veins was initiated by boiling of Na-Cl ¡À K ¡À Ca ¡À Mg fluid at a paleodepth of 0.6 to 0.9 km. Coexisting vapor and liquid-rich inclusions display salinities and trapping temperatures of 4 wt. % NaCl equiv., 280-370 ¡ãC and 2-27 wt. % NaCl equiv., 230-375 ¡ãC, respectively. Boiling continued throughout the deposition of the sphalerite-galena-tetrahedrite-chalcopyrite assemblage. Late stage carbonate was deposited from diluted, non-boiling, low-temperature Na-Ca-Mg-Cl ¡À CO2 fluid (0.2 to 4.8 wt. % NaCl equiv., 115-280 ¡ãC).
About 100-150 m higher in the system, precipitation of listwanite breccia cement began as a result of boiling Na-Cl ¡À Ca ¡À Mg ¡À K fluid of medium salinities (2.6 to 12.1 wt. % NaCl equiv.) at temperatures of 245-370 ¡ãC. Boiling and dilution of fluids continue throughout the precipitation of the main sphalerite-galena-tetrahedrite and late, mainly carbonate assemblage. Surface listwanite breccia contain quartz phenocrysts deposited from a homogeneous fluid with a medium salinity (8-10 wt. % NaCl equiv.) and high temperatures (Th = 295-315 ¡ãC), whereas the early and main stage of a surface listwanite breccia cement precipitated from a boiling fluid of decreasing salinity and temperature. Aqueous ¡À CO2, high salinity (16 to 18 wt. % NaCl equiv.), low temperature (120 ¡ãC), homogeneously trapped fluid that precipitated late stage carbonates, is most likely a remnant of boiled off fluid. The epithermal assemblage of the surface listwanites precipitated at a paleodepth of 0.4 to 0.6 km.
The ¦Ä13C values of the late stage ankerite range from ? 4.2 to 4.1¡ë, whereas ¦Ä18O range from 9.6 to 17.5¡ë. The calculated ¦Ä18O of fluid that precipitated carbonates within epithermal veins, and listwanite breccia cement range from 6.3 to 11.3¡ë, indicating a contribution of magmatic water.
Deposition of all mineralization types was initiated by neutralization of primary acidic magmatic fluid by water-rock reactions that caused widespread propylitization and sericitization. Extensive and long-lasting boiling combined with dilution by meteoric water increased the pH towards the final stage of hydrothermal activity.