Efficiency and reduction cost of carbon emissions in China: a non-radial directional distance function method
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文摘

We estimate Malmquist environmental index based on a non-radial DDF method.

We measure shadow price of carbon emissions to reflect reduction costs.

The nation can be divided into three emission zones: steep-slope, flat and plateau zone.

Carbon emission performances varied greatly among provinces.

Shadow price of China kept increasing before 2000 and then declined afterwards.

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