To evaluate agricultural pollution costs, a combination of two DNDC and DEA models was introduced.

The shadow values of three main agricultural pollutants in paddy fields were evaluated.

In the study area, a high potential for pollution reduction is feasible.

The pollution cost of pesticides are much bigger than nitrogen surplus and greenhouse gases.

From the farmers' viewpoint, a positive shadow value of undesirable outputs also is feasible.

To deal with the pollution costs, market-based instruments are preferred to command-and-control regulation.