PD evidently suppressed the expression of FN and ICAM-1 in AGEs-induced GMCs and diabetic db/db mice kidneys.
PD evidently suppressed protein expression and activity of SphK1 in AGEs-induced GMCs and diabetic db/db mice kidneys.
PD evidently suppressed the DNA-binding activity and transcriptional activity of AP-1 in AGEs-treated GMCs.
Inhibition of the SphK1-S1P signaling may be a new mechanism underlying the anti-DN effects of PD.