Sedimentology of rock avalanche deposits - Case study and review

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• 作者：Anja Dufresne ; ^{anja@adufresne.com} ; Annette Bö ; smeier ; Christoph Prager
• 刊名：Earth-Science Reviews
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：December 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：163
• 期：Complete
• 页码：234-259
• 全文大小：7497 K
• 卷排序：163

文摘

Detailed sedimentological studies concerning different facies types and the factors influencing their development (such as lithology, topography, substrates, etc.) were carried out at the carbonate Tschirgant rockslide-rock avalanche deposit in the Eastern Alps of Austria. Several depositional facies and sub-facies have been identified at this and other sites by many researchers. These facies are found throughout the debris, regardless of depth or travel distance, and result from highly heterogeneous stress distributions in time and space during emplacement. One of the most important recent observations in terms of emplacement dynamics is that shear is not confined to the base, but is distributed throughout the debris (except the coarse carapace). Due to the preservation of source stratigraphy in these non-turbulent mass movements, any horizontal facies or grain size variations need to be regarded in context since they strongly depend on source stratigraphy and hence the spatial distribution of lithologies (i.e. geological units of different mechanical properties). For example, some lithologies do not form a boulder carapace due to absence of large in-situ blocks in the source rock mass. However, at Tschirgant, slight facies “maturation” with distance (within the same lithology) is observed, i.e. clast fragmentation progresses to create the distinct, facies-characteristic grain size distribution only after some distance travelled. These details are revealed through facies-based sampling and analysis. Studies based on bulk sampling, in some cases, observed progressively reduced grain sizes with distance and depth – which might be a function of added variations within different facies sampled together. In this paper, the wealth of observations on rockslide and rock avalanche sedimentology of the past decades is combined with a detailed case study of a (lithologically) relatively simple deposit, to outline global and site-specific depositional structures and facies with the aim to summarize, review, and refine the current state of knowledge on rock avalanche and rockslide emplacement processes.