PM mass concentration is higher at a lower load due to fuel wetting under stoichiometric condition.
PM1 constitutes the largest proportion of the PM mass concentration of stratified mixture combustion.
The frequency of particle collision for GDI engine is lower than that of the diffusion flame in a diesel engine.
The PM concentration around an excess air ratio of 1.5 increases due to the insufficient excess air.
Increasing the excess air ratio to more than 2.0 leads a re-increase in the PM concentration and PNs.