Prevalence, Neurohormonal Correlates, and Prognosis of Heart Failure Stages in the Community

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• 作者：Vanessa Xanthakis ; PhD^a ; ^b ; ^c ; ^{vanessax@bu.edu" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author} ; Danielle M. Enserro ; MA^b ; Martin G. Larson ; ScD^a ; ^b ; ^d ; Kai C. Wollert ; MD^e ; James L. Januzzi ; MD^f ; Daniel Levy ; MD^a ; Jayashri Aragam ; MD^g ; Emelia J. Benjamin ; MD^a ; ^c ; Susan Cheng ; MD^h ; Thomas J. Wang ; MDⁱ ; Gary F. Mitchell ; MD^j ; Ramachandran S. Vasan ; MD^a ; ^c ; ^k
• 关键词：biomarkers ; echocardiography ; epidemiology ; heart failure stages
• 刊名：JACC: Heart Failure
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：October 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：4
• 期：10
• 页码：808-815
• 全文大小：486 K

文摘

The purpose of this study was to describe the prevalence and prognosis of HF stages in the community; to evaluate if preclinical HF stages are characterized by elevation of pro-inflammatory (C-reactive protein), neurohormonal activation (B-type natriuretic peptide, renin and aldosterone), and cardiac stress biomarkers (high-sensitivity troponin I, ST-2, and growth differentiation factor-15).

Background

The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology heart failure (HF) classification has 3 stages. Knowledge regarding the community burden of HF stages is limited, and data on the biomarker profile associated with HF stages are scarce, although higher concentrations of certain biomarkers are associated with preclinical HF.

Methods

We evaluated 6,770 participants (mean age 51 years; 54% women) from the Framingham Study, defining 4 stages: 1) healthy: no risk factors; 2) stage A: presence of HF risk factors (hypertension, diabetes, obesity, coronary artery disease), no cardiac structural/functional abnormality; 3) stage B: presence of prior myocardial infarction, valvular disease, left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, LV hypertrophy, regional wall motion abnormality, or LV enlargement; 4) stage C/D: prevalent HF.

Results

The prevalence of HF stages A and B were 36.5% and 24.2%, respectively, rising with age (odds ratio: 1.70 [95% confidence interval: 1.64 to 1.77] per decade increment). In age- and sex-adjusted models, we observed a gradient of increasing biomarker levels across HF stages (p < 0.05; n = 3,416). Adjusting for age and sex, mortality rose across HF stages (232 deaths, mean follow-up 7 years), with 2- and 8-fold mortality risks for stages B and C/D, respectively, compared with healthy.

Conclusions

Approximately 60% of our sample has preclinical HF, and those in stage B had higher concentrations of HF biomarkers and experienced a substantial mortality risk.