A
mmlsi5" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si5.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=56ae4f9a2679085b42b29a239000f648" title="Click to view the MathML source">kmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si5.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>kmi>math>-ranking of a directed graph
mmlsi7" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si7.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=b61cfbe55c51874ee7b1938dadcc66e9" title="Click to view the MathML source">GmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si7.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>Gmi>math> is a labeling of the vertex set of
mmlsi7" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si7.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=b61cfbe55c51874ee7b1938dadcc66e9" title="Click to view the MathML source">GmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si7.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>Gmi>math> with
mmlsi5" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si5.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=56ae4f9a2679085b42b29a239000f648" title="Click to view the MathML source">kmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si5.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>kmi>math> positive integers such that every directed path connecting two vertices with the sa
me label includes a vertex with a larger label in between. The
m>rank number of m>
mmlsi7" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si7.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=b61cfbe55c51874ee7b1938dadcc66e9" title="Click to view the MathML source">GmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si7.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>Gmi>math> is defined to be the s
mallest
mmlsi5" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si5.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=56ae4f9a2679085b42b29a239000f648" title="Click to view the MathML source">kmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si5.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>kmi>math> such that
mmlsi7" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si7.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=b61cfbe55c51874ee7b1938dadcc66e9" title="Click to view the MathML source">GmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si7.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>Gmi>math> has a
mmlsi5" class="mathmlsrc">mulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0972860015300384&_mathId=si5.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0972860015300384&_rdoc=1&_issn=09728600&md5=56ae4f9a2679085b42b29a239000f648" title="Click to view the MathML source">kmathContainer hidden">mathCode"><math altimg="si5.gif" overflow="scroll"><mi>kmi>math>-ranking. We find the largest possible directed graph that can be obtained fro
m a directed path or a directed cycle by attaching new edges to the vertices such that the new graphs have the sa
me rank nu
mber as the original graphs. The adjacency
matrix of the resulting graph is e
mbedded in the Sierpiński triangle.
We present a connection between the number of edges that can be added to paths and the Stirling numbers of the second kind. These results are generalized to create directed graphs which are unions of directed paths and directed cycles that maintain the rank number of a base graph of a directed path or a directed cycle.