Pragmatic approach with deductive and inductive theorizing of coping with IT events.

Multi-method with two studies: a critical incident study and an experiment to study the temporal sequence of coping with IT events.

Responses include negative emotions, external attributions, and engagement coping, and learning can occur as accident as a result of the latter.

Eventually, users switch to a disengagement coping strategy.

Primary and secondary appraisals of events are not concurrent but sequential.