Tropical forest composition responded to ITCZ-driven precipitation change during Heinrich 1, the Bølling-Allerød and Younger Dryas.
The coolest interval of the last 30,000 years occurred during Heinrich 1, while cooling during the Younger Dryas was minimal.
Sea level rise and coastal geometry had a significant influence on the expansion of the mangrove forest ecosystem.
Mangrove colonization kept pace with sea level rise, while ITCZ-driven precipitation changes were beneficial for mangroves.
Holocene orbital forcing of precipitation also influenced the composition and canopy structure of Central American forests.