Ecotoxicological evaluation of caffeine and its derivatives from a simulated chlorination step
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- 作者：Arm ; o Zarrelli ; Marina DellaGreca ; Maria Rosaria Iesce ; Margherita Lavorgna ; Fabio Temussi ; Luigi Schiavone ; Emma Criscuolo ; Alfredo Parrella ; Lucio Previtera ; Marina Isidori
- 关键词：Caffeine ; Disinfection treatments ; Chlorination ; Chlorine derivatives ; Acute and chronic toxicity ; Genotoxicity
- 刊名：Science of the Total Environment
- 出版年：1 February, 2014
- 年：2014
- 卷：470-471
- 期：Complete
- 页码：453-458
- 全文大小：586 K
文摘
Caffeine is ubiquitous in surface and ground waters and it has been proposed as a marker of the anthropogenic pressure on the environment. Sewage treatment plants based on active sludges seem to be not very efficient in its complete removal from effluents while additional disinfection treatments by chlorination are able to do it. In a simulation of the chlorination step herein we report that caffeine is transformed in six by-products: 8-chlorocaffeine, 1,3-dimethyl-5-azabarbituric acid, N,N鈥?dimethylparabanic acid, N,N鈥?dimethyloxalamide, N-methylurea and N,N鈥?dimethylurea. The ecotoxicity of caffeine and identified compounds was evaluated on the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus and the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata to assess acute and chronic toxicity, while SOS Chromotest and Ames Test were used to detect the genotoxic potential of the investigated compounds. Moreover, we assessed the possible antigenotoxic effect of the selected compounds using SOS Chromotest after co-incubation with the standard genotoxin, 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide. Chronic exposure to these compounds caused inhibition of growth population on the rotifer while the algae seemed to be unaffected. Results indicated that caffeine (1), N,N鈥?dimethyloxamide (4) and N,N鈥?dimethylparabanic acid (5) reduced 尾-galactosidase activity in comparison with positive control, both at 1 and 5 mg/L of 4-NQNO with a good dose-response.