Electromigration was investigated with lower current density less than 10 kA/cm2.
Electromigration accelerated the diffusion of Ni in Ni–P at the cathode.
Ni–P disappeared at the cathode and Cu3Sn and Cu6Sn5 formed at the interface.
Cu–P layer formed on the breakdown interface after current stressing.
Electromigration suppressed the diffusion of Ni in the Ni–P at the anode.