Refined 2-D SPH spatial resolution, smaller than integral turbulence length scales, similarly to a pseudoLES approach.

Combination of heuristic approaches for the discrimination of fluctuating hydrodynamics from ordered wave motion.

Good quantitative agreement of numerical results against experimental data for characteristic wave features.

Plausibly simulated wave-induced mean flows (e.g. undertow) and “streaming” effect near the bed.

Identification of coherent structures that define the weak plunging mechanism.