Strength reduction for upheaval buckling of buried pipes in blocky clay backfill
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文摘
Experimental data shows pipe installation effects reduce uplift capacity. Installation modelled as a lumpy or blocky backfill, not intact clay. Uplift capacity reduced from expected value as lumps got smaller. Partial drainage and rate effects shown to affect resistance. The strength reduction factor η can be amended to incorporate backfill lumpiness.

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