We report vegetation, climate and fire-regime shifts in northwestern Patagonia (42°S) since 16,000 yr BP.
The southern westerly winds (SWW) exhibit minimum influence between 7600 and 11,000 yr BP.
We identify maximum SWW influence between 5300 and 7600 and 13,000–14,500 yr BP.
Centennial-scale changes in the SWW since 5300 yr BP led to multiple megadroughts.
The most recent megadrought (1100–1400 yr BP) overlaps with the Medieval Climate Anomaly.