Defoliation of IPUs affected photosynthetic abilities of the remaining leaves.
Defoliation had different influences on male and female reproductive traits.
The effects of 100% defoliation were more significant than those of 50% defoliation.
The secondary and tertiary capitulum positions suffered greater effects than those in the primary position.
The reduction of available resources caused a trade-off between the male and female functions and resource limitation and architectural effects together determined the sex allocation of C. acuminata.