Secondary pharmacology has become an essential element of drug discovery, accepted by the pharmaceutical industry and health authorities.

Reverse translation defines adverse drug reaction–target associations and generates profiling panels to detect hazards associated with off-targets.

In vitro experimental approaches allow the use of human targets at early drug discovery.

In silico tools enable smart chemical design and have become an essential part of off-target mitigation.

Data linked to preclinical PK observations make it possible to predict clinical outcome and reduce the need for in vivo assessment.