Fructose model wines developed up to 47 VOCs after 4 months at 50 °C.
At least 31 VOCs were already identified in Madeira wines submitted to estufagem.
Several key odorants were identified, namely 2(5H)-furanones.
Sotolon was identified for the first time from fructose degradation in acid medium.
Thermally processed fructose model systems showed higher antioxidant and browning.