Liquid crystals is encapsulated in a specially designed capillary optical fiber with tubular core.
Liquid crystals is driven by external electronic field to modulate the light transition through the interaction between the LCs and the tubular core.
The integrated in-fiber modulator is modulation-depth-tunable.
Only a trace amount of 2.71×10−2 nL of the liquid crystals can obtain a wide range of stable modulation-depth from 23% to 50%.