Synthetic BWRO concentrates of 7.9–14.8 g/L were desalinated by electrodialysis.
Current densities with CMV-AMV membranes were ~ 15% greater than with PCSK-PCSA.
Specific energy consumption was 0.03 kW h/m3 per Volt/cell-pair per meq/L separated.
Water transfer by electro-osmosis and osmosis was quantified.