Recent progress in nanostructured nonprecious metal catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction is reviewed.
The effects of particle size, grain boundary, crystal facet, and metal valence are discussed in metal-based catalysts.
In carbon and organic framework-based catalysts, the effects of heteroatom doping and molecular hybrid are discussed.
Future directions are proposed, emphasizing hierarchical porous non-metal or little-metal catalysts.