We show that the category of -spaces provides a convenient model for the homotopy category of spaces in which every space can be rectified to a strictly commutative monoid. Similarly, the commutative monoids in the category of -spaces model graded spaces.
Using the theory of -spaces we introduce the graded units of a symmetric ring spectrum. The graded units detect periodicity phenomena in stable homotopy and we show how this can be applied to the theory of topological logarithmic structures.