ROS are increased in stress-induced premature senescence in primary endothelial cells.
Redox homeostasis is imbalanced by upregulation of NOX4 and degradation of Trx-1.
“Over-activated” Cathepsin D increases senescence, ROS formation and Trx-1 degradation.
Trx-1 protein levels also correlate negatively with NOX4 expression in vivo.