This was a case-control study, and 97 patients with chronic kidney disease and 135 healthy subjects were recruited.
Case subjects had significantly higher plasma homocysteine and oxidative stress but lower serum folate and plasma pyridoxal 5′-phosphate concentrations than control subjects.
We found that high plasma homocysteine, low vitamin B-6, increased oxidative stress, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity were independently contributed to development of early stage chronic kidney disease.