Fairtrade certification improved coffee returns, whereas Utz contributed to higher yields.

Fairtrade farmers increased their coffee specialization, while Utz farmers reduced coffee areas but increased yield.

Multi-certification enables coffee farmers to diversify market outlets and generates positive price effects.

Due to overcertification, coffee sales under certified conditions only represent up to a third of total produced volume.

Expected income effect from certification is less than 10% of household income.