Role of cadmium on the phase transitions and electrical properties of BaTiO₃ ceramics

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• 作者：Ruihao Yuan^a ; Prasanna V. Balachandran^b ; Deqing Xue^a ; Yumei Zhou^a ; Xiangdong Ding^a ; Jun Sun^a ; Turab Lookman^b ; Dezhen Xue^a ; ^{xuedezhen@mail.xjtu.edu.cn" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding author}
• 关键词：Ceramics ; Cd2+ ; MPB ; Piezoelectric ; Ferroelectric ; Lead-free
• 刊名：Ceramics International
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：43
• 期：1
• 页码：1114-1120
• 全文大小：1466 K

文摘

The search for high piezoelectric and electromechanical properties near morphotropic phase boundaries (MPB) in lead-free ceramics has attracted considerable interest. The MPB can be obtained in the composition-temperature phase diagram by combining stabilized rhombohedral (R) and tetragonal (T) ends, which possess cubic (C) to R or C to T transitions, respectively. The R-end is usually realized by doping ions class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0009.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=9c96d60d5277a6f56d11ec2c87eef5e2" title="Click to view the MathML source">Zr⁴⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Zr}}^{4+}$, class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0010.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=1e64e25b6ecda075ac705da8f8e2862d" title="Click to view the MathML source">Hf⁴⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Hf}}^{4+}$ or class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0011.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=1fb40c1a3f45f92a4435405f9de5f7fd" title="Click to view the MathML source">Sn⁴⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Sn}}^{4+}$ at the class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0012.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=09fbab13e38a2dc9a07d4f16c96b4625" title="Click to view the MathML source">Ti⁴⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Ti}}^{4+}$ site, whereas the T-end can be generated by class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0013.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=c814492dfd1eb9f56d067ae495440f0d" title="Click to view the MathML source">Ca²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Ca}}^{2+}$ doped at the class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0014.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=4a8568baae410be5d5b8ad989faa1027" title="Click to view the MathML source">Ba²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Ba}}^{2+}$ site of class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0015.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=dcfcd2127dfaacc6a4b8820446a918c8" title="Click to view the MathML source">BaTiO₃class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_3$. Our recent computational work (Phys. Rev. B. 93, 144111, 2016) showed that class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0016.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=bd045991cb0ea61d7e2d8dfacb85f791" title="Click to view the MathML source">Cd²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ doped class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0017.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=f23f9ef486a37c95d15d87d9b464dcda" title="Click to view the MathML source">BaTiO₃class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{BaTiO}}_3$ can be considered as a potential T-end. In the present study, we synthesized class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0018.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=1ce20fd0b2ef4a55c230b333c94e32f4" title="Click to view the MathML source">(Ba_1−xCd_x)TiO₃class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">$({\mathrm{Ba}}_{1-x}{\mathrm{Cd}}_x){\mathrm{TiO}}_3$ ceramics to investigate the effects of class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0019.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=d278aa445919e6e619021258638380c7" title="Click to view the MathML source">Cd²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ on the phase transition, dielectric, ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties of the ceramics. Although our results show that class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0020.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=4decbb60ba24ee7668604dd40b542ebf" title="Click to view the MathML source">Cd²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ fails to stabilize the T phase, i.e., the transition temperatures vary little with class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0021.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=0109223bd9166e64c83c62b861bcc172" title="Click to view the MathML source">Cd²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ concentration, the electrical properties are found to be optimized for class="mathmlsrc">class="formulatext stixSupport mathImg" data-mathURL="/science?_ob=MathURL&_method=retrieve&_eid=1-s2.0-S0272884216318168&_mathId=si0022.gif&_user=111111111&_pii=S0272884216318168&_rdoc=1&_issn=02728842&md5=817b074b3d70ba331de8a2f8e05fea19" title="Click to view the MathML source">Cd²⁺class="mathContainer hidden">class="mathCode">${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$% of 5%. The optimization of the properties is related to the microstructural features including grain size and sample density.