The effect of surfactants on upward air-water pipe flow at various inclinations
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We considered the effect of surfactants on inclined air–water pipe flow.

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In annular flow at large gas velocities surfactants increase the pressure gradient.

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At low gas velocities surfactants make the top liquid film very regular.

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Surfactants are unable to supress the churning of the thick bottom liquid film.

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Pressure gradient reduction by surfactants scales with inclination in churn flow.

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