PBK models were developed for AAI in rat, mouse and human based on in vitro kinetic data.
Concentration–response curves for AAI cytotoxicity were obtained with the MTT assay.
PBK-based reverse dosimetry defined in vivo dose response curves for kidney toxicity of AAI.
The predicted in vivo data could be used to define a POD for risk assessment of AAI.
The approach provides a non-animal testing strategy for predicting PODs in risk assessment.