New analytical closed-form solutions of unsteady incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Valid for any pressure gradients (even aperiodic discontinuous) in both planar and circular duct flows. Encompassing the classic solutions obtained individually for a few simple pressure gradients. Involving no singularities, and applicable even to discrete forms of pressure gradients. Useful in validating numerical solutions and predicting the time required for steady oscillation.