A harmful dinoflagellate Heterocapsa circularisquama has light-dependent and -independent haemolytic agents.
The light-independent haemolytic agents located on the cell surface may be mainly responsible for the toxic action.
The ruptured cells can suppress the live cell-mediated light-independent haemolytic activity and toxicity to rotifer.
The light-dependent haemolytic agents discharged from the ruptured cells may contain porphyrin derivatives with suppressive effect on the toxic action.
Physical destruction of Heterocapsa circularisquama can lead to mitigation of various harmful algae species.