The expression of Bcl-6 in CD4+ CXCR5hiPD-1hi cTfh cells is increased in SLE patients and correlated with disease activity. The frequency of CD4+ CXCR5hiPD-1hiBcl-6+ cells in peripheral blood of SLE is positively associated with anti-dsDNA Abs. An increased level of IL-21 has been found in SLE patients and IL-21 might be a key player that increases Bcl-6 expression.