Energy efficiency enhancement of electromembrane desalination systems by local flow redistribution optimized for the asymmetry of cation/anion diffusivity
Ion concentration and velocity profile in electrodialysis systems were visualized. Visualization was coupled with quantitative analysis in experiment and simulation. Optimal spacer location in electrodialysis is studied. Mechanism for mass transport enhancement by spacers is explained. Asymmetry of cation and anion diffusivity was utilized in spacer optimization.