Assessing the photochemical transformation pathways of acetaminophen relevant to surface waters: Transformation kinetics, intermediates, and modelling

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• 作者：Elisa De Laurentiis^a ; ¹ ; Carsten Prasse^b ; Thomas A. Ternes^b ; Marco Minella^a ; ¹ ; Valter Maurino^a ; ¹ ; Claudio Minero^a ; ¹ ; Mohamed Sarakha^c ; ^d ; Marcello Brigante^c ; ^d ; Davide Vione^a ; ^e ; ¹ ; ² ; ^{davide.vione@unito.it" class="auth_mail}
• 关键词：Acetaminophen ; Paracetamol ; Acetyl-para-aminophenol ; Direct and sensitised photolysis ; Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) ; Surface-water photochemistry
• 刊名：Water Research
• 出版年：15 April, 2014
• 年：2014
• 卷：53
• 期：Complete
• 页码：235-248
• 全文大小：1990 K

文摘

This work shows that the main photochemical pathways of acetaminophen (APAP) transformation in surface waters would be direct photolysis (with quantum yield of (4.57聽卤聽0.17)鈰?0^鈭?), reaction with (most significant at pH聽>聽7, with second-order rate constant of (3.8聽卤聽1.1)鈰?0⁸聽M^鈭?聽s^鈭?) and possibly, for dissolved organic carbon higher than 5聽mg聽C聽L^鈭?, reaction with the triplet states of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (³CDOM*). The modelled photochemical half-life time of APAP in environmental waters would range from days to few weeks in summertime, which suggests that the importance of phototransformation might be comparable to biodegradation. APAP transformation by the main photochemical pathways yields hydroxylated derivatives, ring-opening compounds as well as dimers and trimers (at elevated concentration levels). In the case of ³CDOM* (for which the triplet state of anthraquinone-2-sulphonate was used as proxy), ring rearrangement is also hypothesised. Photochemistry would produce different transformation products (TPs) of APAP than microbial biodegradation or human metabolism, thus the relevant TPs might be used as markers of APAP photochemical reaction pathways in environmental waters.