Controlling the potential gastrointestinal fate of β-carotene emulsions using interfacial engineering: Impact of coating lipid droplets with polyphenol-protein-carbohydrate conjugate
β-Carotene emulsions were stabilized by chlorogenic acid–lactoferrin–polydextrose conjugate. Ternary conjugate increased the aggregation stability of β-carotene emulsions during digestion. Ternary conjugate had little impact on lipid digestion, but increased β-carotene bioaccessibility. The importance of including the oral phase in simulated gastrointestinal models was highlighted.