Methylated and thiolated arsenic species for environmental and health research — A review on synthesis and characterization

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• 作者：William R. Cullen¹ ; Qingqing Liu² ; Xiufen Lu² ; Anthony McKnight-Whitford³ ; Hanyong Peng² ; Aleksandra Popowich³ ; Xiaowen Yan² ; Qi Zhang² ; Michael Fricke¹ ; Hongsui Sun² ; X. Chris Le² ; ³ ; ^{xc.le@ualberta.ca}
• 关键词：Arsenic standards ; Speciation analysis ; Arsenic metabolites ; Sulphur-containing arsenic species ; Synthetic chemistry of arsenic ; Pentavalent and trivalent methylarsenicals
• 刊名：Journal of Environmental Sciences
• 出版年：2016
• 出版时间：November 2016
• 年：2016
• 卷：49
• 期：Complete
• 页码：7-27
• 全文大小：1223 K
• 卷排序：49

文摘

Hundreds of millions of people around the world are exposed to elevated concentrations of inorganic and organic arsenic compounds, increasing the risk of a wide range of health effects. Studies of the environmental fate and human health effects of arsenic require authentic arsenic compounds. We summarize here the synthesis and characterization of more than a dozen methylated and thiolated arsenic compounds that are not commercially available. We discuss the methods of synthesis for the following 14 trivalent (III) and pentavalent (V) arsenic compounds: monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII), dicysteinylmethyldithioarsenite (MMAIII(Cys)2), monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV), monomethylmonothioarsonic acid (MMMTAV) or monothio-MMAV, monomethyldithioarsonic acid (MMDTAV) or dithio-MMAV, monomethyltrithioarsonate (MMTTAV) or trithio-MMAV, dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII), dimethylarsino-glutathione (DMAIII(SG)), dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV), dimethylmonothioarsinic acid (DMMTAV) or monothio-DMAV, dimethyldithioarsinic acid (DMDTAV) or dithio-DMAV, trimethylarsine oxide (TMAOV), arsenobetaine (AsB), and an arsenicin-A model compound. We have reviewed and compared the available methods, synthesized the arsenic compounds in our laboratories, and provided characterization information. On the basis of reaction yield, ease of synthesis and purification of product, safety considerations, and our experience, we recommend a method for the synthesis of each of these arsenic compounds.