Multiple water isotopes proxies are used to constrain fractionations and paleotemperatures.
The water-wax net fractionation for the δDwax of steppe-tundra plants was ∼ −59 ± 10‰.
Relict ice, volcanic glass shards and plant waxes reveal depleted cold stage precipitation.
Winter-spring climates were ∼ 14 ± 5 °C colder than today during the transitional MIS 3/2.
MIS 4 to 2 annual climates were depressed to a maximum of ∼ 16–21 °C ± 5 °C below modern.