The sensory neurons in labial palps of Helicoverpa armigera strongly respond to CO2 stimuli.
Three putative CO2 receptor genes, Gr1, Gr2 and Gr3 are predominantly expressed in the labial palps.
In situ hybridization results show that all three genes are co-expressed in the same cells of labial palps.
The Xenopus oocytes co-expressing Gr1 and Gr3 or co-expressing Gr1, Gr2 and Gr3 give robust responses to NaHCO3.
Gr1 and Gr3 are indispensable and sufficient genes for CO2 sensing in H. armigera.