Failing to progress or progressing to fail? Age-for-grade heterogeneity and grade repetition in primary schools in Karonga district, northern Malawi

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• 作者：Bindu S. Sunny^a ; ^{bindu.sunny@lshtm.ac.uk} ; ^{bsunny@gmail.com} ; Markus Elze^a ; Menard Chihana^b ; Levie Gondwe^b ; Amelia C. Crampin^a ; ^b ; Masoyaona Munkhondya^c ; Scotch Kondowe^c ; Judith R. Glynn^a
• 关键词：Repetition ; School progression ; Africa ; Over-age ; Under-age ; Primary school ; Risk factors
• 刊名：International Journal of Educational Development
• 出版年：2017
• 出版时间：January 2017
• 年：2017
• 卷：52
• 期：Complete
• 页码：68-80
• 全文大小：1690 K
• 卷排序：52

文摘

Grade repetition leads to children getting over-age for their grade. In a cohort study of >8000 children in rural Malawi we assessed risk factors for repetition and the effect of age-for-grade on repetition in the subsequent school year. Both household-level and school-level factors were associated with repetition. In grades 1–3 under-age children were more likely and older-age children less likely to repeat. In grades 4–8 there was no association between age-for-grade heterogeneity and grade repetition but being over-age was associated with dropping out.