Elevated [O3] was recorded at three forests near NOx emission hotspots in Panama. This [O3] affected the physiology of the widespread native tree Ficus insipida. The effects of O3 on F. insipida included a decrease in leaf chemical defenses. O3 also led to decreased lipid content in mature leaves. AOT was below critical levels for temperate trees, but F. insipida has high gs_max.