To evaluate agricultural pollution costs, a combination of two DNDC and DEA models was introduced.
The shadow values of three main agricultural pollutants in paddy fields were evaluated.
In the study area, a high potential for pollution reduction is feasible.
The pollution cost of pesticides are much bigger than nitrogen surplus and greenhouse gases.
From the farmers' viewpoint, a positive shadow value of undesirable outputs also is feasible.
To deal with the pollution costs, market-based instruments are preferred to command-and-control regulation.