Nd2O3 doped Al2O3 translucent ceramics were fabricated using the conventional solid-state reaction and vacuum sintering. The spectroscopic properties of the synthesized Nd3+:Al2O3 translucent ceramics were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the strong absorption peak at around 800 nm with an absorption cross section 3.25×10–20 cm2 of the Nd3+:Al2O3 translucent ceramics matched the emission wavelength of the commercial laser diode (LD). In addition, the synthesized translucent ceramic had a strong emission peak at 1054 nm and the FWHM and the emission cross section of the peak of the material were found to be 7.53 nm and 1.38×10–19 cm2. The photoluminescence spectrum of the Nd3+:Al2O3 translucent ceramics exhibited the characteristic absorption and emission bands of Nd3+ ions in the host matrix.