Practical review on the use of synchrotron based micro- and nano- X-ray fluorescence mapping and X-ray absorption spectroscopy to investigate the interactions between plants and engineered nanomaterials
Uptake and transport of ENMs in plants can be studied with synchrotron based micro/nanoprobes. X-ray fluorescence maps and absorption spectroscopy provide elements distribution and speciation. Sample preparation should preserve morphology, elements distribution and speciation at all scales. Cryogenic conditions maintain samples close to in-vivo state and reduce radiation damage. Data analysis software should handle large hyperspectral data sets.