Lethal drugs in capital punishment in USA: History, present, and future perspectives
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- 作者：Kristen Kas<sup>1sup> ; Richard Yim<sup>1sup> ; Salematou Traore<sup>1sup> ; Marwa ElFadaly<sup>1sup> ; Lynn Lang ; M.S.<sup>1sup> ; Robert A. Freeman ; Ph.D. ; Jayesh R. Parmar ; Ph.D.<sup> ; sup><sup>jparmar@umes.edu" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding authorsup> ; Madan K. Kharel ; Ph.D.<sup> ; sup><sup>mkkharel@umes.edu" class="auth_mail" title="E-mail the corresponding authorsup>
- 关键词：Capital punishment ; Midazolam mishaps ; Lethal injection ; Barbiturates ; Pancuronium bromide ; Potassium chloride ; Ethics ; Compounding pharmacies
- 刊名：Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy
- 出版年：2016
- 出版时间：November-December 2016
- 年：2016
- 卷：12
- 期：6
- 页码：1026-1034
- 全文大小：432 K
文摘
Lethal injection is the preferred method for the execution of condemned prisoners in the United States. A recent decision of The European Union to prohibit the export of drugs used in capital punishment to the USA along with domestic firms ceasing to manufacture these drugs has resulted in a drug shortage and a search for alternative drugs and new drug combinations that have not been previously validated for inducing death. As a consequence, some of the executions did not proceed as expected and sparked public debate regarding whether recent executions by lethal injection serve the purpose of avoiding “cruel and unusual punishment” in executions. Moreover, a cottage industry comprised of compounding pharmacies as emerged as a source of drug combinations used in capital punishment. Although there is a growing trend toward the abolishment of capital punishment in United States, the controversy concerning the efficacy of drug and involvement of health care professionals in the execution procedure is far from over.