Cadmium exposure induces hematuria in Korean adults

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• 作者：Seung Seok Han^a ; Myounghee Kim^b ; ^{dkkim73@gmail.com} ; ^{dkkim73@snu.ac.kr} ; Su Mi Lee^a ; Jung Pyo Lee^c ; Sejoong Kim^d ; Kwon Wook Joo^a ; Chun Soo Lim^c ; Yon Su Kim^a ; Dong Ki Kim^a ;
• 关键词：Cadmium ; Cancer ; Hematuria ; Kidney ; Stone
• 刊名：Environmental Research
• 出版年：2013
• 出版时间：July, 2013
• 年：2013
• 卷：124
• 期：Complete
• 页码：23-27
• 全文大小：377 K

文摘

Introduction

Toxic heavy metals have adverse effects on human health. However, the risk of hematuria caused by heavy metal exposure has not been evaluated.

Methods

Data from 4701 Korean adults were obtained in the Korean National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (2008-2010). Blood levels of the toxic heavy metals cadmium, lead, and mercury were measured. Hematuria was defined as a result of ¡Ý+1 on a urine dipstick test. The odds ratios (ORs) for hematuria were measured according to the blood heavy metal levels after adjusting for multiple variables.

Results

Individuals with blood cadmium levels in the 3rd and 4th quartiles had a greater OR for hematuria than those in the 1st quartile group: 3rd quartile, 1.35 (1.019-1.777; P=0.037); 4th quartile, 1.52 (1.140-2.017; P=0.004). When blood cadmium was considered as a log-transformed continuous variable, the correlation between blood cadmium and hematuria was significant: OR, 1.97 (1.224-3.160; P_trend=0.005). In contrast, no significant correlations between hematuria and blood lead or mercury were found in the multivariate analyses.

Discussion

The present study shows that high cadmium exposure is associated with a risk of hematuria.