Atmospheric Deposition of Organochlorine Compounds to Remote High Mountain Lakes of Europe
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- 作者：Guillem Carrera ; Pilar Ferná ; ndez ; Joan O. Grimalt ; Marc Ventura ; Lluis Camarero ; Jordi Catalan ; Ulrike Nickus ; Hansjö ; rg Thies ; and Roland Psenner
- 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
- 出版年：2002
- 出版时间：June 15, 2002
- 年：2002
- 卷：36
- 期：12
- 页码：2581 - 2588
- 全文大小：167K
- 年卷期：v.36,no.12(June 15, 2002)
- ISSN：1520-5851
文摘
Bulk deposition samples were taken near three mountainlakes located in the Pyrenees (Estany Redó), Alps(Gossenköllesee), and Caledonian Mountains (ØvreNeådalsvatn) for evaluation of the atmospheric depositionload of organochlorine compounds (OC), namely, polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs),hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and endosulfans, in the remoteEuropean high mountain areas. The compounds ofpresent use in agriculture, namely, endosulfans and
-HCH, exhibit large differences in mean deposition fluxesbetween the three sites. They occur in large amounts inEstany Redó (340 and 430 ng m-2 month-1 for endosulfansand -HCH, respectively), reflecting the impact ofagricultural activities in southern Europe. This lakeshowed also the highest proportion of the more labileendosulfan isomers (
and 
= 82%) whereas only themost recalcitrant species, endosulfan sulfate, was foundin Øvre Neådalsvatn. In contrast, the OC whose use is nowbanned exhibit a more uniform geographic distributionwith deposition fluxes of 31-40, 30-100, and 1.4-15 ngm-2 month-1 for -HCH, PCBs, and HCB. Both compoundsof present and past use exhibit a clear seasonal pattern,with higher deposition in the warm periods, which is consistentwith enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures. Inthe case of the agricultural pesticides it may also reflecthigher use during application periods. The OC distributionsin the atmospheric deposition of the three sites arerather uniform and highly enriched in compounds withvolatilities larger than 0.0032 Pa. However, more than 90%of these compounds are not retained in the lake watersor sediments. Comparison of OC composition in atmosphericand sedimentary deposition evidences a selective trappingof the less volatile compounds. Trapping efficienciesincrease at decreasing air temperatures of the lacustrinesystems.
-HCH, exhibit large differences in mean deposition fluxesbetween the three sites. They occur in large amounts inEstany Redó (340 and 430 ng m-2 month-1 for endosulfansand -HCH, respectively), reflecting the impact ofagricultural activities in southern Europe. This lakeshowed also the highest proportion of the more labileendosulfan isomers ( and = 82%) whereas only themost recalcitrant species, endosulfan sulfate, was foundin Øvre Neådalsvatn. In contrast, the OC whose use is nowbanned exhibit a more uniform geographic distributionwith deposition fluxes of 31-40, 30-100, and 1.4-15 ngm-2 month-1 for -HCH, PCBs, and HCB. Both compoundsof present and past use exhibit a clear seasonal pattern,with higher deposition in the warm periods, which is consistentwith enhanced volatilization at higher temperatures. Inthe case of the agricultural pesticides it may also reflecthigher use during application periods. The OC distributionsin the atmospheric deposition of the three sites arerather uniform and highly enriched in compounds withvolatilities larger than 0.0032 Pa. However, more than 90%of these compounds are not retained in the lake watersor sediments. Comparison of OC composition in atmosphericand sedimentary deposition evidences a selective trappingof the less volatile compounds. Trapping efficienciesincrease at decreasing air temperatures of the lacustrinesystems.