Comparison of Personal, Indoor, and Outdoor Exposures to Hazardous Air Pollutants in Three Urban Communities

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• 作者：Ken Sexton ; John L. Adgate ; Gurumurthy Ramachandran ; Gregory C. Pratt ; Steven J. Mongin ; Thomas H. Stock ; and Maria T. Morandi
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2004
• 出版时间：January 15, 2004
• 年：2004
• 卷：38
• 期：2
• 页码：423 - 430
• 全文大小：183K
• 年卷期：v.38,no.2(January 15, 2004)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Two-day average concentrations of 15 individual volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) were measured concurrently in(a) ambient air in three urban neighborhoods, (b) airinside residences of participants, and (c) personal airnear the breathing zone of 71 healthy, nonsmoking adults.The outdoor (O), indoor (I), and personal (P) sampleswere collected in the Minneapolis/St. Paul metropolitanarea over three seasons (spring, summer, and fall) in 1999using charcoal-based passive air samplers (3M model3500 organic vapor monitors). A hierarchical, mixed-effectsstatistical model was used to estimate the mutuallyadjusted effects of monitor location, community, and seasonwhile accounting for within-subject and within-time-index (monitoring period) correlation. Outdoor VOCconcentrations were relatively low compared to manyother urban areas, and only minor seasonal differenceswere observed. A consistent pattern of P > I > O wasobserved across both communities and seasons for 13 of 15individual VOCs (exceptions were carbon tetrachlorideand chloroform). Results indicate that ambient VOCmeasurements at central monitoring sites can seriously under-estimate actual exposures for urban residents, evenwhen the outdoor measurements are taken in their ownneighborhoods.