Volatile Disinfection Byproduct Formation Resulting from Chlorination of Organic-Nitrogen Precursors in Swimming Pools

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• 作者：Jing Li ; Ernest R. Blatchley III
• 刊名：Environmental Science & Technology
• 出版年：2007
• 出版时间：October 1, 2007
• 年：2007
• 卷：41
• 期：19
• 页码：6732 - 6739
• 全文大小：208K
• 年卷期：v.41,no.19(October 1, 2007)
• ISSN：1520-5851

文摘

Clinical studies have documented the promotion ofrespiratory ailments (e.g., asthma) among swimmers,especially in indoor swimming pools. Most studies of thisbehavior have identified trichloramine (NCl₃) as thecausative agent for these respiratory ailments; however,the analytical methods employed in these studies were notsuited for identification or quantification of other volatiledisinfection byproducts (DPBs) that could also contribute tothis process. To address this issue, volatile DBP formationresulting from the chlorination of four model compounds(creatinine, urea, L-histidine, and L-arginine) was investigatedover a range of chlorine/precursor (Cl/P) molar ratios.Trichloramine was observed to result from chlorination ofall four model organic-nitrogen compounds. In additionto trichloramine, dichloromethylamine (CH₃NCl₂) was detectedin the chlorination of creatinine, while cyanogen chloride(CNCl) and dichoroacetonitrile (CNCHCl₂) were identifiedin the chlorination of L-histidine. Roughly 0.1 mg/L (as Cl₂)NCl₃, 0.01 mg/L CNCHCl₂, and 0.01 mg/L CH₃NCl₂ werealso observed in actual swimming pool water samples. DPD/FAS titration and MIMS (membrane introduction massspectrometry) were both employed to measure residualchlorine and DBPs. The combined application of thesemethods allowed for identification of sources of interferencein the conventional method (DPD/FAS), as well as structuralinformation about the volatile DBPs that formed. Theanalysis by MIMS clearly indicates that volatile DBPformation in swimming pools is not limited to inorganicchloramines and haloforms. Additional experimentationallowed for the identification of possible reaction pathwaysto describe the formation of these DBPs from the precursorcompounds used in this study.